
机器中的幽灵
The ghost in the machine
Arthur Koestler · 初版 1967 年
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The Ghost in the Machine 是一部出版于1967年的哲学心理学著作。书名是牛津哲学家 Gilbert Ryle 创造的短语,用以描述笛卡尔身心二元论的观点。Koestler 与 Ryle 持相同看法,认为人的心智并非一个暂时栖居并统摄肉体的独立非物质实体。该书的核心概念之一是:随着人类大脑的进化,它保留并建立在早期更原始的脑结构之上。该著作试图用以下机制来解释人类走向自我毁灭的倾向
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……Ramsey 的《当我们不复存在:数字记忆如何塑造我们的未来》(When We Are No More: how Digital Memory Is Shaping Our Future),Down 的《璀璨灯塔:美国灯塔史》(Brilliant Beacons: a History of the American Lighthouse),Koestler 的《正午的黑暗》(Darkness Before Noon)&《隐秘的写作》(The Invisible Writing)&《机器中的幽灵》(The Ghost in the Machine),John Gardner——他的书其实都行,尤其是《十月之光》(October light)和《阳光对话》(the sunlight dialogs)。
…Ramsey "When We Are No More: how Digital Memory Is Shaping Our Future" Down "Brilliant Beacons: a History of the American Lighthouse" Koestler "Darkness Before Noon" & "The Invisible Writing" & "The Ghost in the Machine" John Gardner - anything really but October light and the sunlight dialogs in particular.
那我们是否就是宝石的一部分,在试图理解其本质,如果真是这样,我们是不是正在寻找我们自身的亚结构?这让我想起了 Arthur Koestler 在《机器中的幽灵》(Ghost in the Machine)中提出的分层结构(holarchy)理论。
Would we then be parts of the jewel attempting to understand its own nature, and if this is correct, finding our own substructure? I am reminded of Arthur Koestler's theory of holarchy, put forth in "Ghost in the Machine".
参见 Arthur Koestler 于1967年出版的书《机器中的幽灵》(The Ghost in the Machine)。Koestler 创造了“整体子”(holon)这个词。整体子是一个兼具完整功能的结构单元,同时又是更大整体的一部分,而这个更大整体本身又是另一个更大整体的一部分。……
See Arthur Koestler's book "The Ghost in the Machine" published in 1967. Koestler coined the word "holon". A holon is a whole functional and structural unit while at the same time a part of a larger whole, which is itself a part of an even larger whole.…
……用以克服部分与整体之间的二分对立,同时也解释了生物体的自我肯定与整合倾向。[1] 该术语由 Arthur Koestler 在《机器中的幽灵》(The Ghost in the Machine,1967)中首次提出。
…to overcome the dichotomy between parts and wholes, as well as a way to account for both the self-assertive and the integrative tendencies of organisms.[1] The term was coined by Arthur Koestler in The Ghost in the Machine (1967).