……技术早就存在了。任何关于工程的定义都必须更加宽泛。Ferguson 的《Engineering and the Mind's Eye》、Florman 的多部著作（主要是《The Existential Pleasures of Engineering》），以及 Vincenti 的《What Engineers Know and How They Know It》，都在探讨工程绝不可能单纯依赖科学。我觉得 Koen 在《Discussion of the Method》里说得最精辟，科学的应用只是工程师可以选择使用的众多启发式方法（heuristic）之一……
…technology existed. Any definition of engineering needs to be broader. Ferguson (Engineering and the Mind's Eye), Florman (several works, but primarily The Existential Pleasures of Engineering), and Vincenti (What Engineers Know and How They Know It) all explore ways in which engineering can't rely on science alone. I think Koen (Discussion of the Method) puts it best, where the application of science is one heuristic that engineers may choose to…
……从历史上看，技术在绝大多数时候都（远远）走在理论前面。比如可以看看 Clifford D. Connor 的《A People's History of Science》，或者在技术哲学圈堪称权威的、Walter Vincenti 写的《What Engineers Know and How They Know It》。Vincenti 描述过一个非常有说服力的案例，就是机翼剖面的研发。通过有条理、有技巧的反复试错（参数变化）来得出能用的形状，但并没有……
…technology has historically advanced (way) ahead of theory most of the time. See, for instance, Clifford D. Connor's "A People's History of Science" or the authoratitive (in philosophy of technology circles) "What Engineers Know and How They Know It" by Walter Vincenti. One of the convincing cases Vincenti describes is the development of wing profiles. Structured, intelligent trial and error (parameter variation) to get to shapes that work, but no…
你可以读读 Walt Vincenti 关于这方面的书，《What Engineers Know and How They Know It: Analytical Studies from Aeronautical History》，写得极好。https://www.amazon.ca/What-Engineers-Know-How-They/dp/080184...
You might read Walt Vincenti's book on this, "What Engineers Know and How They Know It: Analytical Studies from Aeronautical History" Excellent read. https://www.amazon.ca/What-Engineers-Know-How-They/dp/080184...
我推荐读读 Walter Vincenti 写的《What Engineers Know and How They Know It》[1]。这本书虽然是面向机械和航空航天工程师的，但通过几个案例研究探讨了工程作为一门学科的哲学和认识论（epistemology）。其中一个核心……
I recommend reading What Engineers Know and How They Know It by Walter Vincenti [1]. The book is directed towards mechanical and aerospace engineers, but discusses the philosophy and epistemology of engineering as a discipline via several case studies. A major…
……技术早就存在了。任何关于工程的定义都必须更加宽泛。Ferguson 的《Engineering and the Mind's Eye》、Florman 的多部著作（主要是《The Existential Pleasures of Engineering》），以及 Vincenti 的《What Engineers Know and How They Know It》，都在探讨工程绝不可能单纯依赖科学。我觉得 Koen 在《Discussion of the Method》里说得最精辟，科学的应用只是工程师可以选择使用的众多启发式方法（heuristic）之一……
…technology existed. Any definition of engineering needs to be broader. Ferguson (Engineering and the Mind's Eye), Florman (several works, but primarily The Existential Pleasures of Engineering), and Vincenti (What Engineers Know and How They Know It) all explore ways in which engineering can't rely on science alone. I think Koen (Discussion of the Method) puts it best, where the application of science is one heuristic that engineers may choose to…
……从历史上看，技术在绝大多数时候都（远远）走在理论前面。比如可以看看 Clifford D. Connor 的《A People's History of Science》，或者在技术哲学圈堪称权威的、Walter Vincenti 写的《What Engineers Know and How They Know It》。Vincenti 描述过一个非常有说服力的案例，就是机翼剖面的研发。通过有条理、有技巧的反复试错（参数变化）来得出能用的形状，但并没有……
…technology has historically advanced (way) ahead of theory most of the time. See, for instance, Clifford D. Connor's "A People's History of Science" or the authoratitive (in philosophy of technology circles) "What Engineers Know and How They Know It" by Walter Vincenti. One of the convincing cases Vincenti describes is the development of wing profiles. Structured, intelligent trial and error (parameter variation) to get to shapes that work, but no…
你可以读读 Walt Vincenti 关于这方面的书，《What Engineers Know and How They Know It: Analytical Studies from Aeronautical History》，写得极好。https://www.amazon.ca/What-Engineers-Know-How-They/dp/080184...
You might read Walt Vincenti's book on this, "What Engineers Know and How They Know It: Analytical Studies from Aeronautical History" Excellent read. https://www.amazon.ca/What-Engineers-Know-How-They/dp/080184...
我推荐读读 Walter Vincenti 写的《What Engineers Know and How They Know It》[1]。这本书虽然是面向机械和航空航天工程师的，但通过几个案例研究探讨了工程作为一门学科的哲学和认识论（epistemology）。其中一个核心……
I recommend reading What Engineers Know and How They Know It by Walter Vincenti [1]. The book is directed towards mechanical and aerospace engineers, but discusses the philosophy and epistemology of engineering as a discipline via several case studies. A major…