……（除其他因素外）：司法独立（甚至独立于教会，尽管神职人员有时也充当法官）以及对有据可查的正当程序的重视，起到了制约权力滥用的作用。Brundage 写的《The Medieval Origins of the Legal Profession》读起来也很有意思：* https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/M/bo56... 它甚至涵盖了罗马法，以及它是如何（在一定程度上）得以保留并被用作……
…(amongst other factors): the independence of the judiciary (even from the Church, even though clergy sometimes acted as judges) and a focus on a documented due process acted as checks on runaway power. The Medieval Origins of the Legal Profession by Brundage is also an interesting read: * https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/M/bo56... It even covers Roman law, and how it managed to be salvaged (to an extent) and be used as…
布伦戴奇（Brundage）的《法律职业的中世纪起源：教会法学者、民法学者与法庭》（The medieval origins of the legal profession: canonists, civilians, and courts） 惠特曼（Whitman）的《合理怀疑的起源：刑事审判的神学根源》（The origins of reasonable doubt: theological roots of the criminal trial）
The medieval origins of the legal profession: canonists, civilians, and courts by Brundage The origins of reasonable doubt: theological roots of the criminal trial by Whitman
……以及 Toby Huff 写的《The Rise of Early Modern Science》（近代科学的兴起）：* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby_Huff 如果你在研究哲学和科学，可能也会对法律感到好奇：可以看看 Brundage 的《The Medieval Origins of the Legal Profession》：* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Brundage
…and the Scientific Revolution and The Rise of Early Modern Science by Toby Huff: * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby_Huff If you're doing philosophy and science, you may be curious about law: see The Medieval Origins of the Legal Profession by Brundage: * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Brundage
可以看看 Brundage 的《The Medieval Origins of the Legal Profession》，书的前几章讲到了罗马时期：* https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/M/bo562094... * 书评：https://forhistiur.net/2011-05-munzinger/ * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Brundage
See The Medieval Origins of the Legal Profession by Brundage, which has some early chapters on the Roman time period: * https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/M/bo562094... * Review: https://forhistiur.net/2011-05-munzinger/ * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Brundage
……展示了基督教是如何推动社会从奴隶制走向农奴制再走向个体自由的：* https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/18740986-inventing-the-i... 这点在 Brundage 的《The Medieval Origins of the Legal Profession》中得到了进一步阐述，书中说明了上至教皇下至平民，每个人是如何（至少）从中世纪开始就享有获得公正对待的机会（法律正当程序）：* https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/M/bo562094...……
…shows how Christianity moved the needle from slaves to serfs to individual freedom: * https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/18740986-inventing-the-i... This can further be expounded on in Brundage's The Medieval Origins of the Legal Profession illustrating how everyone—pauper to Pope—was afforded a fair shake at justice (due process in law) going back to (at least) the Middle Ages: * https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/M/bo562094...…
……是最早创建的大学之一，其性质类似学生“工会”/行会，专注于法律研究：* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bologna 牛津也是如此。可以看看 Brundage 的《The Medieval Origins of the Legal Profession》，这本书虽然聚焦法律，但对大学着墨颇多，因为大学是公元 1000-1200 年间法律发展的重要一环。当时存在相当多的世俗法人机构：……
…was one of the very first universities created, as a type of 'union' / guild of students, and it focused on the study of law: * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bologna Also Oxford. See The Medieval Origins of the Legal Profession by Brundage, which while focusing on law, covers a lot on universities because this was a big component of its development from 1000-1200AD. There were quite a few secularly-incorporated institutions:…
……（除其他因素外）：司法独立（甚至独立于教会，尽管神职人员有时也充当法官）以及对有据可查的正当程序的重视，起到了制约权力滥用的作用。Brundage 写的《The Medieval Origins of the Legal Profession》读起来也很有意思：* https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/M/bo56... 它甚至涵盖了罗马法，以及它是如何（在一定程度上）得以保留并被用作……
…(amongst other factors): the independence of the judiciary (even from the Church, even though clergy sometimes acted as judges) and a focus on a documented due process acted as checks on runaway power. The Medieval Origins of the Legal Profession by Brundage is also an interesting read: * https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/M/bo56... It even covers Roman law, and how it managed to be salvaged (to an extent) and be used as…
布伦戴奇（Brundage）的《法律职业的中世纪起源：教会法学者、民法学者与法庭》（The medieval origins of the legal profession: canonists, civilians, and courts） 惠特曼（Whitman）的《合理怀疑的起源：刑事审判的神学根源》（The origins of reasonable doubt: theological roots of the criminal trial）
The medieval origins of the legal profession: canonists, civilians, and courts by Brundage The origins of reasonable doubt: theological roots of the criminal trial by Whitman
……以及 Toby Huff 写的《The Rise of Early Modern Science》（近代科学的兴起）：* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby_Huff 如果你在研究哲学和科学，可能也会对法律感到好奇：可以看看 Brundage 的《The Medieval Origins of the Legal Profession》：* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Brundage
…and the Scientific Revolution and The Rise of Early Modern Science by Toby Huff: * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby_Huff If you're doing philosophy and science, you may be curious about law: see The Medieval Origins of the Legal Profession by Brundage: * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Brundage
可以看看 Brundage 的《The Medieval Origins of the Legal Profession》，书的前几章讲到了罗马时期：* https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/M/bo562094... * 书评：https://forhistiur.net/2011-05-munzinger/ * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Brundage
See The Medieval Origins of the Legal Profession by Brundage, which has some early chapters on the Roman time period: * https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/M/bo562094... * Review: https://forhistiur.net/2011-05-munzinger/ * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Brundage
……展示了基督教是如何推动社会从奴隶制走向农奴制再走向个体自由的：* https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/18740986-inventing-the-i... 这点在 Brundage 的《The Medieval Origins of the Legal Profession》中得到了进一步阐述，书中说明了上至教皇下至平民，每个人是如何（至少）从中世纪开始就享有获得公正对待的机会（法律正当程序）：* https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/M/bo562094...……
…shows how Christianity moved the needle from slaves to serfs to individual freedom: * https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/18740986-inventing-the-i... This can further be expounded on in Brundage's The Medieval Origins of the Legal Profession illustrating how everyone—pauper to Pope—was afforded a fair shake at justice (due process in law) going back to (at least) the Middle Ages: * https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/M/bo562094...…
……是最早创建的大学之一，其性质类似学生“工会”/行会，专注于法律研究：* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bologna 牛津也是如此。可以看看 Brundage 的《The Medieval Origins of the Legal Profession》，这本书虽然聚焦法律，但对大学着墨颇多，因为大学是公元 1000-1200 年间法律发展的重要一环。当时存在相当多的世俗法人机构：……
…was one of the very first universities created, as a type of 'union' / guild of students, and it focused on the study of law: * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bologna Also Oxford. See The Medieval Origins of the Legal Profession by Brundage, which while focusing on law, covers a lot on universities because this was a big component of its development from 1000-1200AD. There were quite a few secularly-incorporated institutions:…