…这里就不展开讨论了。要想精彩地看看我们在历史上是如何一步步将某些事物内化到觉得它们“理所当然”的，可以参考 Norbert Elias 的开创性著作《文明的进程》（The Civilizing Process，https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Civilizing_Process）
…not going to discuss them here. For a beautiful demonstration of how we've gradually internalized things over history to the level where they seem "natural" to us, see Norbert Elias's seminal work, The Civilizing Process (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Civilizing_Process)
…认为女性缺乏当好医生或律师的（生理上的）智力。文化规范越深、越被内化，这个过程就越漫长。Norbert Elias 写过一本很棒的书叫《文明的进程》（The Civilizing Process）[1]，记录了“厌恶感”在社会层面的逐步演变。它展示了那些我们以为是出于本能的反应，实际上是社会化进程的产物。[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Civilizing_Process
…that women don't have the (biological) mental faculties to be good doctors or lawyers. The deeper and more internalized cultural norms are, the longer the process. There is an amazing book called The Civilizing Process[1] by Norbert Elias that chronicles the gradual social development of disgust. It shows how things we perceive to be visceral are actually the product of social processes. [1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Civilizing_Process
感兴趣的朋友可以看看，Norbert Elias（1897-1990）写过一本极具启发性的书《文明的进程》（The Civilizing Process），描述了这些小型社会结构是如何演变为我们今天所知的西方国家的 [1]。摘自一段总结 [2]：根据 Elias 的观点，垄断，尤其是…的垄断
For anyone interested, Norbert Elias (1897-1990) wrote a very enlightening book "The Civilizing Process" describing how these small social structures evolved into States as we know them in Occident [1]. Excerpted from a summary [2]: According to Elias, monopolization, and especially the monopolization…
我觉得大多数历史学家都不会同意你的看法。其实有一项涉及该话题的相当著名的研究，就是 Norbert Elias 的《文明的进程》（The Civilizing Process）[1]。这是一部引人入胜的著作，但在大多数历史学者中颇具争议。其中一个很有意思的子话题是厌恶感的内化。Elias 展示了厌恶——我们通常…
I think most historians would disagree with you. Actually, there's one quite famous study that touches on this topic, The Civilizing Process[1] by Norbert Elias. It is a fascinating work, but debated by most historians. One interesting subtopic there is the internalization of the feeling of disgust. Elias shows how disgust -- which we often…
…但没人说要搞脑机植入啊。鼓励某些行为难道就像长出翅膀一样不可思议吗？历朝历代以来，政治行动在塑造行为方面都极其有效。Norbert Elias 的《文明的进程》（The Civilizing Process）[1]（1939年）是一部绝妙的研究，探讨了我们现在认为自然而然的行为（甚至感受）其实只是一连串长期社会变革的结果。但最重要的并不是潜在的情感（那种感觉…
…but no one is talking about brain implants. Is encouraging certain behaviors like growing wings? Political action has been phenomenally effective over the ages in shaping behavior. Norbert Elias's The Civilizing Process[1] (1939) is a wonderful study of how behaviors (and even feelings) we now deem natural are just the result of a long chain of social change. But what matters most isn't underlying sentiments (the feeling…
…每年每十万人中的谋杀受害者人数几个世纪以来一直在下降。Spierenburg 将这一长期下降归因于德国社会学家 Norbert Elias 所说的“文明的进程”（这是对一系列需要身体克制和自我控制的行为的统称，细化到用叉子吃饭而不是用手抓或用刀戳食物），以及…
…murder victims per hundred thousand people in the population per year, have been falling for centuries. Spierenburg attributes this long decline to what the German sociologist Norbert Elias called the “civilizing process” (shorthand for a whole class of behaviors requiring physical restraint and self-control, right down to using a fork instead of eating with your hands or stabbing at your food with a knife), and to the…
…这里就不展开讨论了。要想精彩地看看我们在历史上是如何一步步将某些事物内化到觉得它们“理所当然”的，可以参考 Norbert Elias 的开创性著作《文明的进程》（The Civilizing Process，https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Civilizing_Process）
…not going to discuss them here. For a beautiful demonstration of how we've gradually internalized things over history to the level where they seem "natural" to us, see Norbert Elias's seminal work, The Civilizing Process (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Civilizing_Process)
…认为女性缺乏当好医生或律师的（生理上的）智力。文化规范越深、越被内化，这个过程就越漫长。Norbert Elias 写过一本很棒的书叫《文明的进程》（The Civilizing Process）[1]，记录了“厌恶感”在社会层面的逐步演变。它展示了那些我们以为是出于本能的反应，实际上是社会化进程的产物。[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Civilizing_Process
…that women don't have the (biological) mental faculties to be good doctors or lawyers. The deeper and more internalized cultural norms are, the longer the process. There is an amazing book called The Civilizing Process[1] by Norbert Elias that chronicles the gradual social development of disgust. It shows how things we perceive to be visceral are actually the product of social processes. [1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Civilizing_Process
感兴趣的朋友可以看看，Norbert Elias（1897-1990）写过一本极具启发性的书《文明的进程》（The Civilizing Process），描述了这些小型社会结构是如何演变为我们今天所知的西方国家的 [1]。摘自一段总结 [2]：根据 Elias 的观点，垄断，尤其是…的垄断
For anyone interested, Norbert Elias (1897-1990) wrote a very enlightening book "The Civilizing Process" describing how these small social structures evolved into States as we know them in Occident [1]. Excerpted from a summary [2]: According to Elias, monopolization, and especially the monopolization…
我觉得大多数历史学家都不会同意你的看法。其实有一项涉及该话题的相当著名的研究，就是 Norbert Elias 的《文明的进程》（The Civilizing Process）[1]。这是一部引人入胜的著作，但在大多数历史学者中颇具争议。其中一个很有意思的子话题是厌恶感的内化。Elias 展示了厌恶——我们通常…
I think most historians would disagree with you. Actually, there's one quite famous study that touches on this topic, The Civilizing Process[1] by Norbert Elias. It is a fascinating work, but debated by most historians. One interesting subtopic there is the internalization of the feeling of disgust. Elias shows how disgust -- which we often…
…但没人说要搞脑机植入啊。鼓励某些行为难道就像长出翅膀一样不可思议吗？历朝历代以来，政治行动在塑造行为方面都极其有效。Norbert Elias 的《文明的进程》（The Civilizing Process）[1]（1939年）是一部绝妙的研究，探讨了我们现在认为自然而然的行为（甚至感受）其实只是一连串长期社会变革的结果。但最重要的并不是潜在的情感（那种感觉…
…but no one is talking about brain implants. Is encouraging certain behaviors like growing wings? Political action has been phenomenally effective over the ages in shaping behavior. Norbert Elias's The Civilizing Process[1] (1939) is a wonderful study of how behaviors (and even feelings) we now deem natural are just the result of a long chain of social change. But what matters most isn't underlying sentiments (the feeling…
…每年每十万人中的谋杀受害者人数几个世纪以来一直在下降。Spierenburg 将这一长期下降归因于德国社会学家 Norbert Elias 所说的“文明的进程”（这是对一系列需要身体克制和自我控制的行为的统称，细化到用叉子吃饭而不是用手抓或用刀戳食物），以及…
…murder victims per hundred thousand people in the population per year, have been falling for centuries. Spierenburg attributes this long decline to what the German sociologist Norbert Elias called the “civilizing process” (shorthand for a whole class of behaviors requiring physical restraint and self-control, right down to using a fork instead of eating with your hands or stabbing at your food with a knife), and to the…