弩之书
The book of the crossbow
Payne-Gallwey, Ralph Sir · 初版 1995 年
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弩的历史，附与长弓、短弓及手枪的对比笔记——弩的构造与使用：中世纪篇——弩的构造与使用（续）：现代篇——论古代及中世纪用于投掷巨石与箭矢的攻城器械。
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The book of the crossbow
Payne-Gallwey, Ralph Sir · 初版 1995 年
弩的历史，附与长弓、短弓及手枪的对比笔记——弩的构造与使用：中世纪篇——弩的构造与使用（续）：现代篇——论古代及中世纪用于投掷巨石与箭矢的攻城器械。
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……如果我们考虑到以前用于战争的弩造得更结实——毕竟它们配了绞盘来辅助上弦——那也许我们可以把射程上限再往上提一点，算它抛射能到200码，但《弩之书》（The Book of the Crossbow）[2]里指出，中世纪弩的有效射程大概只有40码左右。毕竟，你射箭是要杀伤敌人的，而不是仅仅在人家的头盔上“叮”地弹一下。长弓的射程通常给出的数据是……
…If we allow for past war crossbows being beefier constructs - they had windlasses to help load them, after all - then maybe we can add a bit to the maximum and say 200 yards shooting in an arc, but the Book of the Crossbow [2] suggests an effective range of medieval crossbows of around 40 yards. After all, you want your shots to kill, not just go "plink" on someone's helmet. Longbow range is generally given as something…
佩恩-加威（Payne-Gallwey）的《弩之书》至少能和论文里引用的《伟大的战弓》（Great Warbow）归在同一个水准。书里有一处他测试了一把拉力高达1200磅的15世纪攻城弩，这大概已经接近上限了（而且……
Payne-Gallwey's "The Book of the Crossbow" is at least in the same category as the paper's cited "Great Warbow". At one point he tests a 15th century siege crossbow with a draw weight of 1200 lbs, which is probably close to the upper limit (and…