…gold coin is not anyone’s debt, yet it was used as money for centuries. An excellent critique of the idea that money is created by governments was written by Carl Menger in his essay from 1892 entitled “On the Origin of Money”: https://is.muni.cz/el/1456/podzim2009/MPE_MOEK/um/8972262/me... Menger defines money as, simply, “the most liquid good” — where liquidity i, essentially, defined as “how much value you lose when you…
…still learn a lot about monetary economics in such environments. This author is interested in the emergence of monetary exchange, and that's a pretty big literature for instance, going back to Menger's "On the Origin of Money" (though Menger does note the later imposition of standardization from political authorities, etc.) and more analytical work such as Duffy & Ochs (1999). This literature on the emergence of currency/monetary…
I ctrl+f'ed "barter" in Mankiw's Principles of Economics and couldn't find any topic on the origin of money. I think the modern theory on the origin of money economists generally support is a tad more complicated than a strawman Graeber builds and destroys in his book.
……金币并不是任何人的债务，但几个世纪以来它一直被当作货币使用。卡尔·门格尔在 1892 年发表的题为《货币的起源》的论文中，对“货币由政府创造”这一观点提出了极好的批判：https://is.muni.cz/el/1456/podzim2009/MPE_MOEK/um/8972262/me... 门格尔将货币简单地定义为“流动性最高的商品”——在这里，流动性本质上被定义为“当你……时损失了多少价值”
…gold coin is not anyone’s debt, yet it was used as money for centuries. An excellent critique of the idea that money is created by governments was written by Carl Menger in his essay from 1892 entitled “On the Origin of Money”: https://is.muni.cz/el/1456/podzim2009/MPE_MOEK/um/8972262/me... Menger defines money as, simply, “the most liquid good” — where liquidity i, essentially, defined as “how much value you lose when you…
……在这样的环境中依然能学到很多货币经济学的知识。这位作者对货币交换的产生很感兴趣，这方面的文献相当庞大，比如可以追溯到门格尔的《货币的起源》（尽管门格尔确实指出了后来政治权力强加的标准化等等），以及像 Duffy 和 Ochs（1999 年）这样更偏分析性的工作。这些关于货币/通货产生的文献……
…still learn a lot about monetary economics in such environments. This author is interested in the emergence of monetary exchange, and that's a pretty big literature for instance, going back to Menger's "On the Origin of Money" (though Menger does note the later imposition of standardization from political authorities, etc.) and more analytical work such as Duffy & Ochs (1999). This literature on the emergence of currency/monetary…
我在曼昆的《经济学原理》里 ctrl+f 搜了“物物交换”，没找到任何关于货币起源的话题。我觉得经济学家普遍支持的现代货币起源理论，要比 Graeber 在书里树立并击碎的那个稻草人复杂那么一点点。
I ctrl+f'ed "barter" in Mankiw's Principles of Economics and couldn't find any topic on the origin of money. I think the modern theory on the origin of money economists generally support is a tad more complicated than a strawman Graeber builds and destroys in his book.