……组织在长达 50 多年的时间里都是这样被设计和管理的——他们是有史以来第一个系统性地设计并运转如此庞大规模的分权管理型组织。Peter Drucker 1946 年的经典之作《Concept of the Corporation》是对大型企业（通用汽车 GM）的首次重大研究，并深入分析了这种全新的“组织社会”对我们的文化、政治和生活带来的深远影响。Sloan 的《My Years…
…organizations were designed and managed for over 50 years - they were the first to ever systematically design and execute a managed, decentralized organization of that magnitude. Peter Drucker's 1946 classic "Concept of the Corporation" was the first major study of a large corporation (GM) and a deep analysis of the implications that the new "society of organizations" would have on our culture, politics, and lives. Sloan's "My Years…
……复杂性。超过某个临界点后，协同沟通问题就开始扼杀整个组织。绕开这个问题的经典做法，主要是将公司拆分为各自拥有独立利润线的子公司。Peter Drucker 的《The Concept of the Corporation》就描述了通用汽车是如何做到这一点的。当时的 GM 就像同一企业屋檐下一群松散联合的汽车公司。有几家公司很早就摸索出了规模化的门道。Sears 就曾以……闻名
…complexity. Beyond some point, connectivity problems started to choke the organization. There were classic ways around this, mainly dividing companies into sub-companies with their own profit lines. "The Concept of the Corporation" by Peter Drucker describes how General Motors did that. GM was at the time a group of loosely connected car companies under one corporate roof. A few companies figured out scaling early. Sears was famous…
……在危机中发布政令并不一定意味着集权，只要成员节点可以选择无视该政令。在组织结构的历史中，例如 Peter Drucker 在 1946 年写了《Concept of the Corporation》，这是一项针对通用汽车的研究，堪称是关于组织中“去中心化治理（Decentralized governance）”最早的详尽研究之一。
…Issuing an edict in a crisis doesn't necessarily imply centralization if the member nodes can ignore the edict. In the history of organization structures, for example, Peter Drucker in 1946 wrote the "Concept of the Corporation", a study on General Motors, which was arguably one of the early detailed studies of Decentralized governance in an organization.
……经常提到这一点，但你完全可以通过顶级商业评论家（比如 Peter Drucker）的职业生涯来洞察这种文化转变。1946 年，他出版了对通用汽车的研究专著《Concept of the Corporation》。在书中，他审视了通用汽车庞大的官僚机构，并将其赞美为人类文明的巅峰，是过去 6000 年文明发展积累的绝对顶峰……
…often make this point, but you can really judge the cultural transition by the careers of leading business commentators, such as Peter Drucker. In 1946 he published his study of General Motors, the book Concept of the Corporation. In it, he examined the large bureaucracy at General Motors and celebrated it as the pinnacle of human civilization, the absolute peak of what the last 6,000 years of civilization had all been building…
…it's not a corporation. It's not a permanent organization. This is significant. The Roman Empire, even though it had a legal system and a stable government for several centuries, never developed the concept of the corporation, or of a common carrier. They had rich individuals as sole owners, and family businesses, but not larger multi-owner organizations. Something like a multi-city merchant company was out of reach. Even…
……在广告之外拓展收入来源，但没怎么成功。这是一个经典的管理学问题。第一个真正搞定这个问题的人是领导 GM 并写了《The Concept of the Corporation》的 Alfred P. Sloane。他摸索出如何有效地组织一家超大公司，而 GM 的管理架构顺利运转了半个世纪。他们打败了所有对手，直到日本竞争对手出现。（GM……
…broaden their revenue stream beyond ads, without much success. This is a classic management problem. The first person to really get a handle on it was Alfred P. Sloane, who headed GM and wrote "The Concept of the Corporation". He figured out how to organize a very large company effectively, and GM's management structure worked well for half a century. They beat out everybody else until Japanese competition appeared. (GM…
……组织在长达 50 多年的时间里都是这样被设计和管理的——他们是有史以来第一个系统性地设计并运转如此庞大规模的分权管理型组织。Peter Drucker 1946 年的经典之作《Concept of the Corporation》是对大型企业（通用汽车 GM）的首次重大研究，并深入分析了这种全新的“组织社会”对我们的文化、政治和生活带来的深远影响。Sloan 的《My Years…
…organizations were designed and managed for over 50 years - they were the first to ever systematically design and execute a managed, decentralized organization of that magnitude. Peter Drucker's 1946 classic "Concept of the Corporation" was the first major study of a large corporation (GM) and a deep analysis of the implications that the new "society of organizations" would have on our culture, politics, and lives. Sloan's "My Years…
……复杂性。超过某个临界点后，协同沟通问题就开始扼杀整个组织。绕开这个问题的经典做法，主要是将公司拆分为各自拥有独立利润线的子公司。Peter Drucker 的《The Concept of the Corporation》就描述了通用汽车是如何做到这一点的。当时的 GM 就像同一企业屋檐下一群松散联合的汽车公司。有几家公司很早就摸索出了规模化的门道。Sears 就曾以……闻名
…complexity. Beyond some point, connectivity problems started to choke the organization. There were classic ways around this, mainly dividing companies into sub-companies with their own profit lines. "The Concept of the Corporation" by Peter Drucker describes how General Motors did that. GM was at the time a group of loosely connected car companies under one corporate roof. A few companies figured out scaling early. Sears was famous…
……在危机中发布政令并不一定意味着集权，只要成员节点可以选择无视该政令。在组织结构的历史中，例如 Peter Drucker 在 1946 年写了《Concept of the Corporation》，这是一项针对通用汽车的研究，堪称是关于组织中“去中心化治理（Decentralized governance）”最早的详尽研究之一。
…Issuing an edict in a crisis doesn't necessarily imply centralization if the member nodes can ignore the edict. In the history of organization structures, for example, Peter Drucker in 1946 wrote the "Concept of the Corporation", a study on General Motors, which was arguably one of the early detailed studies of Decentralized governance in an organization.
……经常提到这一点，但你完全可以通过顶级商业评论家（比如 Peter Drucker）的职业生涯来洞察这种文化转变。1946 年，他出版了对通用汽车的研究专著《Concept of the Corporation》。在书中，他审视了通用汽车庞大的官僚机构，并将其赞美为人类文明的巅峰，是过去 6000 年文明发展积累的绝对顶峰……
…often make this point, but you can really judge the cultural transition by the careers of leading business commentators, such as Peter Drucker. In 1946 he published his study of General Motors, the book Concept of the Corporation. In it, he examined the large bureaucracy at General Motors and celebrated it as the pinnacle of human civilization, the absolute peak of what the last 6,000 years of civilization had all been building…
……它不是一家公司（corporation），不是一个永久性的组织。这一点非常关键。罗马帝国尽管拥有法律体系和数个世纪的稳定政权，却从未发展出“公司（corporation）”或“公共承运人（common carrier）”的概念。他们有富豪个人独资、有家族企业，但没有规模更大的多所有者组织。像跨城市商贸公司这种形式在当时是无法企及的。甚至……
…it's not a corporation. It's not a permanent organization. This is significant. The Roman Empire, even though it had a legal system and a stable government for several centuries, never developed the concept of the corporation, or of a common carrier. They had rich individuals as sole owners, and family businesses, but not larger multi-owner organizations. Something like a multi-city merchant company was out of reach. Even…
……在广告之外拓展收入来源，但没怎么成功。这是一个经典的管理学问题。第一个真正搞定这个问题的人是领导 GM 并写了《The Concept of the Corporation》的 Alfred P. Sloane。他摸索出如何有效地组织一家超大公司，而 GM 的管理架构顺利运转了半个世纪。他们打败了所有对手，直到日本竞争对手出现。（GM……
…broaden their revenue stream beyond ads, without much success. This is a classic management problem. The first person to really get a handle on it was Alfred P. Sloane, who headed GM and wrote "The Concept of the Corporation". He figured out how to organize a very large company effectively, and GM's management structure worked well for half a century. They beat out everybody else until Japanese competition appeared. (GM…