新颅相学
The New Phrenology
William R. Uttal · 初版 2001 年
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“William Uttal 担心，心理学在努力证明自己是一门硬科学的过程中，可能已经放弃了其最重要的方法论工具之一——对构成日常实证研究基础的基本假设进行批判性分析。在这本书中，Uttal 探讨了定位化的问题：心理过程是否可以被界定和分离，从而使它们能够与特定的大脑区域产生关联。”“新型无创成像技术使我们能够在大脑活跃参与心理活动时对其进行观察。然而，Uttal 告诫道，
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虽然我很期待读这本书，但我建议感兴趣的人不妨读一本 Uttal 的书来中和平衡一下。《Neural Theories of Mind》和《The New Phrenology》都是好书，指出了对大脑进行逆向工程在理论和实践上面临的重重障碍。
While I look forward to reading this book, I recommend interested people balance it somewhat with one of the books by Uttal. Neural Theories of Mind and The New Phrenology are both good reads that raise theoretical and practical hurdles to reverse engineering brains.
William Uttal 的几本书从不同深度探讨了大脑功能定位和神经学建模的问题。我觉得最通俗的是《The New Phrenology》[1]，最硬核的是《Mind and Brain》[2]。引用后者的原话：总而言之，这里提出的新隐喻主张，鉴于当前的研究，更有可能的情况是不存在……
The books of William Uttal cover the issues of localization and neurological modeling at different levels of detail. The most popular I think is The New Phrenology[1] and the most technical is Mind and Brain[2]. A quote from the latter: To sum up, the new metaphor proposed here asserts that it seems more likely in the light of current research that there are no…
我还以为“新颅相学”（即把某种认知活动在空间上定位到大脑的某个特定区域）已经彻底凉了。已故的 William Uttal 曾给出过经验主义论据，证明新颅相学站不住脚。这项研究所说的对象是小鼠……
I thought that the new phrenology (localizing some cognitive activity spatially somewhere in the brain) is dead. Late William Uttal provided empirical arguments to the effect that new phrenology is dead. This said research is about mouse.…
……很大程度上是正确的。没错，你可以记录脑电波，甚至可以对它们进行分类，比如 N170。反应是可以被“定位”的；然而，人必须谨慎一些。甚至不少研究人员都说这是新颅相学：比如 William R. Uttal 就为此写过一本书，叫《The New Phrenology: The Limits of Localizing Cognitive Processes in the Brain》。这本书并不是基于哲学思辨，而是基于……
…to is correct to a large extent. Yes, you can record waves, and you can even classify them like N170. Responses can be 'localized'; however, one has to be a bit careful. Even many researchers say it is new phrenology: for instance, William R. Uttal wrote a book on it, called "The New Phrenology. The limits of localizing cognitive processes in the Brain". This book is not based on philosophical arguments, but based…