历史的终结与最后的人
The End of History and the Last Man
Francis Fukuyama · 初版 1992 年
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为什么值得读
- 探讨历史走向与意识形态发展的代表著作
- 思考现代社会制度与宏观历史进程
在观察到世界各地的极权与威权政府纷纷垮台后，Fukuyama 提出了一个假说：所有这些变革的终极状态将在全球范围内实现自由民主制（The End of History），并探讨了人们将对此作何反应（The Last Man）。
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《地理的囚徒》（Prisoners of Geography）- Tim Marshall 《地理的复仇》（The Revenge of Geography）- Robert D. Kaplan 《囚徒困境》（Prisoner's Dilemma）- William Poundstone 《终极算法》（The Master Algorithm）- Pedro Domingos 《零和未来》（Zero-Sum Future）- Gideon Rachman 《历史的终结与最后的人》（The End of History and the Last Man）- Francis Fukuyama 《纠缠》（Entanglement）- Amir Aczel
Prisoners of Geography - Tim Marshall The Revenge of Geography - Robert D. Kaplan Prisoner's Dilemma - William Poundstone The Master Algorithm - Pedro Domingos Zero-Sum Future - Gideon Rachman The End of History and the Last Man - Francis Fukuyama Entanglement - Amir Aczel
……在当时，人们强烈地认为民主已经取得胜利，且势不可挡。在经济上给人民赋权最终必然且毫无疑问会导致民主改革。福山的《历史的终结及最后之人》（The End of History and the Last Man）是那个时期最有影响力的书之一。然而，事实证明福山和与他持相同想法的人（里根、新保守派 neocons、布什、克林顿等）错得致命。他们造就了一个极度不平等的世界，以至于……
…At the time, there was a strong sense that democracy had won, and that it was inevitable. That empowering people economically would eventually, without fail, lead to democratic reform. Fukuyama's "The End of History and the Last Man" is one of the most influential books of the period. But, Fukuyama and people like him (Reagan, necons, Bush, Clinton, etc.) turned out to be fatally wrong. They created an incredibly unequal world that…
这就是为什么大家会写出类似这样的书……《历史的终结及最后之人》（The End of History and the Last Man）是美国政治学者弗朗西斯·福山于 1992 年写的一本政治哲学著作，书中主张随着西方自由民主制度的崛起——这种崛起发生在冷战之后……
Thats why people wrote books like .. The End of History and the Last Man is a book of political philosophy written in 1992 by American political scientist Francis Fukuyama which argues that with the ascendancy of Western liberal democracy—which occurred after the Cold War…
……对历史的理解。他们认为不能诉诸某种更广泛的道德概念，因为历史站在他们这边。这个论调跟弗朗西斯·福山在他的《历史的终结及最后之人》（The End of History and the Last Man）一书里的说法一模一样，而且同样存在着根本性的缺陷。在地球与人类的历史上，暴力、不平等、排斥、饥荒以及随之而来的经济压迫，从来没有波及过如此多的人口。……
…understanding of history. That they can't be deferred to some broader concept of morality because they have history on their side. This argument is the same as the one made by Francis Fukuyama in his book The End of History and the Last Man and it is fundamentally flawed in the same way. Never have violence, inequality, exclusion, famine, and thus economic oppression affected as many human beings in the history of the earth and of humanity.…
在《历史的终结及最后之人》（The End of History and the Last Man）一书中能找到反面论点。它提出的观点是：在自由市场民主制度下，由于专业阶层能发挥最大效率，技术进步的速度也是最快的。该书链接：http://www.amazon.com/End-History-Last-Man/dp/0743284550/……
A counter argument can be found in the book "The end of history and the last man". It puts forward the idea that technology improves at the greatest rate in a free market democracy because the professional classes are at their most effective. Link to the book: http://www.amazon.com/End-History-Last-Man/dp/0743284550/…
……文章开头提到了《美国外交政策及其思想家》（American Foreign Policy and Its Thinkers），他说这本书正在挑战弗朗西斯·福山的世界观。到了 2015 年压根就没人需要去挑战这个了。福山的《历史的终结及最后之人》（The End of History and the Last Man）早在 1992 年就出版了。福山当时写的是那个时代的世界局势，那时看起来一片向好。苏联以非暴力方式解体，美俄关系融洽，没有大的战争……
…article starts out by referencing "American Foreign Policy and Its Thinkers", which, he says, is is challenging Francis Fukuyama's view of the world. Nobody needed to do that in 2015. Fukuyama's "The End of History and the Last Man" came out in 1992. Fukuyama was writing about the world situation at the time, which looked good. The USSR had come apart non-violently, the US and Russia were getting along, there were no major wars…