……自 1860 年代引入贝塞麦转炉炼钢法（Bessemer process furnaces）以来前所未有。Vaclav Smil 撰写了大量关于能源和资源题材的作品，并在他的《Energy and Civilization》和《Making the Modern World》这两本书中，从这两个角度对钢铁进行了探讨。这两本我都强烈推荐。我对这篇文章感到奇怪的是，彭博社似乎主要是把自己当作消息来源。我正在查阅文献，似乎有科学……
…unprecedented since the introduction of Bessemer process furnaces in the 1860s. Vaclav Smil writes on many energy and resource topics, and covers steel from both perspectives in his Energy and Civilization and Making the Modern World books. I'd strongly recommend both. What I'm finding odd with the article is that Bloomberg appear to be principally citing themselves as sources. I'm reviewing literature and there appears to be scientific…
我非常推荐 Vaclav Smil 的著作，他多年来一直在深入探讨这个问题的各种参数。他的《Energy Realities》、《Energy Myths》和《Making the Modern World》基本上都回答了你的问题。但简而言之：1. 大量的煤炭、石油和天然气。我们一年内消耗掉的化石燃料，相当于大约 500 万年积累下来的遗产。我们设法……
I'd very much recommend the writings of Vaclav Smil who's been exploring numerous parameters of this issue for years. His Energy Realities, Energy Myths, and Making the Modern World all answer your question in large part. But briefly: 1. Vast amounts of coal, oil, and gas. We're using in one year the legacy of about 5 million years of accumulation of fossil fuels. We've managed…
……能够承载重载煤车而不会爆裂，同样依赖炼焦煤燃料），是在 1880 年代。更多参考资料，可参见 Vaclav Smil（《Energy in World History》、《Energy and Civilization》，还有关于材料消耗的《Making the modern world : materials and dematerialization》）、Manfred Weissenbacher（《Sources of Power》）以及 Gregory Clark（《A Farewell to Alms》）。关于铜矿石：截至 18 世纪，英国的铜矿……
…to handle heavily loaded coal cars without splitting, also dependant on coked coal fuel), in the 1880s. For further references, see Vaclav Smil (Energy in World History, Energy and Civilization, also Making the modern world : materials and dematerialization, on material use), Manfred Weissenbacher (Sources of Power), and Gregory Clark (A Farewell to Alms). Regards copper ores: as of the 18th century, English copper mines…
……聚合物被发明出来（聚苯乙烯、聚酯、PVC、尼龙等）。更早的时候，大约在 1840 年代到 1890 年代，出现了人造丝和赛璐珞（来自植物纤维）以及电木（煤焦油）。Vaclav Smil 写过一本关于材料的绝佳好书《Making the Modern World》，探讨了原料采购和使用（https://www.worldcat.org/title/making-the-modern-world/oclc/...）。强烈推荐。你可以去看看在塑料普及之前，大家都在用些什么材料。……
…polymers were invented (polystyrene, polyester, PVC, Nylon, etc.). Earlier, ~1840s-1890s rayon and celluloid (from plant fibres) and bakelite (coal tar). Vaclav Smil has an excellent book on materials, Making the Modern World, which looks at sourcing and usage (https://www.worldcat.org/title/making-the-modern-world/oclc/...). Strongly recommended. You can look at what materials were used before plastics were available.…
……陆地（相对于海洋）区域，河流上游某一点的人类活动会对下游甚至沿海造成重大影响。[2] 另一份关于实体资源消耗的绝佳参考资料是 Vaclav Smil 的《Making the Modern World》https://www.worldcat.org/title/making-the-modern-world/oclc/... ________________________________ 注释：1. 这强有力地表明，摩擦力可能是最有效的反垄断措施，并且……
…of terrestrial (vs. marine) zones, and activities at one point on a river will have major impacts downstream and even offshore.[2] Another excellent reference on physical resource use is Vaclav Smil's Making the Modern World https://www.worldcat.org/title/making-the-modern-world/oclc/... ________________________________ Notes: 1. Which suggests strongly that frictions may be the most effective antimonopoly measures, and…
老实说，这本跟其他任何一本一样棒。我之前读过更早的版本（《Energy and History》）。他的材料学著作《Making the Modern World》同样让人大开眼界。他涵盖了能源转型、化肥、中国以及很多其他话题。哦，顺便提一句，这本好像刚出版：https://www.worldcat.org/title/growth-from-microorganisms-to...
Quite honestly, this is as good as any. I'd read the earlier version (Energy and History) previously. His materials book, Making the Modern World, is also an eye-opener. He covers energy transitions, fertilisers, China, and much else. Oh, and apparently just published: https://www.worldcat.org/title/growth-from-microorganisms-to...
……自 1860 年代引入贝塞麦转炉炼钢法（Bessemer process furnaces）以来前所未有。Vaclav Smil 撰写了大量关于能源和资源题材的作品，并在他的《Energy and Civilization》和《Making the Modern World》这两本书中，从这两个角度对钢铁进行了探讨。这两本我都强烈推荐。我对这篇文章感到奇怪的是，彭博社似乎主要是把自己当作消息来源。我正在查阅文献，似乎有科学……
…unprecedented since the introduction of Bessemer process furnaces in the 1860s. Vaclav Smil writes on many energy and resource topics, and covers steel from both perspectives in his Energy and Civilization and Making the Modern World books. I'd strongly recommend both. What I'm finding odd with the article is that Bloomberg appear to be principally citing themselves as sources. I'm reviewing literature and there appears to be scientific…
我非常推荐 Vaclav Smil 的著作，他多年来一直在深入探讨这个问题的各种参数。他的《Energy Realities》、《Energy Myths》和《Making the Modern World》基本上都回答了你的问题。但简而言之：1. 大量的煤炭、石油和天然气。我们一年内消耗掉的化石燃料，相当于大约 500 万年积累下来的遗产。我们设法……
I'd very much recommend the writings of Vaclav Smil who's been exploring numerous parameters of this issue for years. His Energy Realities, Energy Myths, and Making the Modern World all answer your question in large part. But briefly: 1. Vast amounts of coal, oil, and gas. We're using in one year the legacy of about 5 million years of accumulation of fossil fuels. We've managed…
……能够承载重载煤车而不会爆裂，同样依赖炼焦煤燃料），是在 1880 年代。更多参考资料，可参见 Vaclav Smil（《Energy in World History》、《Energy and Civilization》，还有关于材料消耗的《Making the modern world : materials and dematerialization》）、Manfred Weissenbacher（《Sources of Power》）以及 Gregory Clark（《A Farewell to Alms》）。关于铜矿石：截至 18 世纪，英国的铜矿……
…to handle heavily loaded coal cars without splitting, also dependant on coked coal fuel), in the 1880s. For further references, see Vaclav Smil (Energy in World History, Energy and Civilization, also Making the modern world : materials and dematerialization, on material use), Manfred Weissenbacher (Sources of Power), and Gregory Clark (A Farewell to Alms). Regards copper ores: as of the 18th century, English copper mines…
……聚合物被发明出来（聚苯乙烯、聚酯、PVC、尼龙等）。更早的时候，大约在 1840 年代到 1890 年代，出现了人造丝和赛璐珞（来自植物纤维）以及电木（煤焦油）。Vaclav Smil 写过一本关于材料的绝佳好书《Making the Modern World》，探讨了原料采购和使用（https://www.worldcat.org/title/making-the-modern-world/oclc/...）。强烈推荐。你可以去看看在塑料普及之前，大家都在用些什么材料。……
…polymers were invented (polystyrene, polyester, PVC, Nylon, etc.). Earlier, ~1840s-1890s rayon and celluloid (from plant fibres) and bakelite (coal tar). Vaclav Smil has an excellent book on materials, Making the Modern World, which looks at sourcing and usage (https://www.worldcat.org/title/making-the-modern-world/oclc/...). Strongly recommended. You can look at what materials were used before plastics were available.…
……陆地（相对于海洋）区域，河流上游某一点的人类活动会对下游甚至沿海造成重大影响。[2] 另一份关于实体资源消耗的绝佳参考资料是 Vaclav Smil 的《Making the Modern World》https://www.worldcat.org/title/making-the-modern-world/oclc/... ________________________________ 注释：1. 这强有力地表明，摩擦力可能是最有效的反垄断措施，并且……
…of terrestrial (vs. marine) zones, and activities at one point on a river will have major impacts downstream and even offshore.[2] Another excellent reference on physical resource use is Vaclav Smil's Making the Modern World https://www.worldcat.org/title/making-the-modern-world/oclc/... ________________________________ Notes: 1. Which suggests strongly that frictions may be the most effective antimonopoly measures, and…
老实说，这本跟其他任何一本一样棒。我之前读过更早的版本（《Energy and History》）。他的材料学著作《Making the Modern World》同样让人大开眼界。他涵盖了能源转型、化肥、中国以及很多其他话题。哦，顺便提一句，这本好像刚出版：https://www.worldcat.org/title/growth-from-microorganisms-to...
Quite honestly, this is as good as any. I'd read the earlier version (Energy and History) previously. His materials book, Making the Modern World, is also an eye-opener. He covers energy transitions, fertilisers, China, and much else. Oh, and apparently just published: https://www.worldcat.org/title/growth-from-microorganisms-to...