想要全面、实证地了解美国刑事司法是如何走向崩坏的，可以看看已故刑法学者威廉·斯图茨（William Stuntz）写的《The Collapse of American Criminal Justice》（美国刑事司法的崩溃）。TL;DR：这种趋势始于近200年前，不过由于各种原因在20世纪中叶加速了。一些书评提到：“这本书极其……
A great, empirically based, comprehensive look at the devolution of criminal justice in the U.S. can be found in "The Collapse of American Criminal Justice" by the late criminal law scholar William Stuntz. TL;DR: The trend started nearly 200 years ago, though for various reasons it accelerated in the mid 20th century. Some reviews: "The book is eminently…
已故的克里斯托弗·斯图茨在《The Collapse of American Criminal Justice》一书中对这些问题做了非常透彻的阐述。基本上，他将其归咎于过度犯罪化/重刑化（如毒品法）、辩诉交易，以及警务松懈——警察更倾向于抓捕容易定罪的犯罪分子，尤其是因为法律……
There's a very good treatment of these issues in the late Christopher Stuntz's book, The Collapse of American Criminal Justice. Basically he blames a mixture of excessive criminalization/sentencing (eg drug laws), plea bargaining, and lax policing which prefers arresting people for easy-to-convict crimes - not least because law…
……宪法项下的是程序性规则而非实体性规则制定。关于这一点我已经抱怨过太多次了，所以点到为止，不过我想（再次）引用两本我认为批评得尤为精辟的书：克里斯托弗·斯图茨的《The Collapse of American Criminal Justice》和罗伯特·卡根（Robert Kagan）的《Adversarial Legalism》（对抗性法律主义）。简而言之，两本书都认为审判法院（无论是民事还是刑事）的事实查明职能，正受到日益繁琐密集的……严重阻碍。
…procedural rather than substantive rulemaking under the constitution. I grumble about this too frequently already, so I'll stop here, but (re)cite two books I think make particularly succinct critiques: The Collapse of American Criminal Justice by Christopher Stuntz and Adversarial Legalism by Robert Kagan. In a nutshell, both argue that the fact-finding role of trial courts (civil as well as criminal) is seriously impeded by the ever-denser…
……个世纪，这并不太令人意外，因为当时的破案率要低得多，刑期也短得多（1910年谋杀罪平均判刑10年，而到了2003年是85年）。关于这个课题的一本很好的参考书是威廉·斯图茨的《The collapse of American Criminal Justice》。
…century, which is not too surprising as the solve rate was much lower and so were sentences (an average of 10 years for murder in 1910, whereas by 2003 it's 85). A good reference on this subject is The collapse of American Criminal Justice by William Stuntz.
……惩罚针对的是局外人群体，而不是他们自己社区里的人。已故刑法教授威廉·斯图茨为了他的书《The Collapse of American Criminal Justice》收集了大量的历史定罪数据。他的发现是：过去200年里，定罪率一直在稳步上升。他梳理出的线索之一是，当陪审团对从轻发落或罪犯改造抱有切身利益时……
…punishment to people in the out-group, not to people in their community. The late criminal law professor William Stuntz compiled an incredible amount of historical conviction data for his book, "The Collapse of American Criminal Justice". What he found is that conviction rates have been steadily increasing for the past 200 years. One of the threads he identifies is that when the jury has a personal interest in leniency or rehabilitation…
……在文章中甚至脱离了语境，但威廉·斯图茨在《The Collapse of American Criminal Justice》中描述的（或者说据我所知是这样，目前我只读过书评）那种将程序置于自由裁量权和正义之上的弊端，似乎被很好地捕捉到了。
…context even in the article, but seems like a good capture of the problems with total dedication to process over discretion and justice described (or so I gather, have only read reviews of yet) in "The Collapse of American Criminal Justice" by William Stuntz.
想要全面、实证地了解美国刑事司法是如何走向崩坏的，可以看看已故刑法学者威廉·斯图茨（William Stuntz）写的《The Collapse of American Criminal Justice》（美国刑事司法的崩溃）。TL;DR：这种趋势始于近200年前，不过由于各种原因在20世纪中叶加速了。一些书评提到：“这本书极其……
A great, empirically based, comprehensive look at the devolution of criminal justice in the U.S. can be found in "The Collapse of American Criminal Justice" by the late criminal law scholar William Stuntz. TL;DR: The trend started nearly 200 years ago, though for various reasons it accelerated in the mid 20th century. Some reviews: "The book is eminently…
已故的克里斯托弗·斯图茨在《The Collapse of American Criminal Justice》一书中对这些问题做了非常透彻的阐述。基本上，他将其归咎于过度犯罪化/重刑化（如毒品法）、辩诉交易，以及警务松懈——警察更倾向于抓捕容易定罪的犯罪分子，尤其是因为法律……
There's a very good treatment of these issues in the late Christopher Stuntz's book, The Collapse of American Criminal Justice. Basically he blames a mixture of excessive criminalization/sentencing (eg drug laws), plea bargaining, and lax policing which prefers arresting people for easy-to-convict crimes - not least because law…
……宪法项下的是程序性规则而非实体性规则制定。关于这一点我已经抱怨过太多次了，所以点到为止，不过我想（再次）引用两本我认为批评得尤为精辟的书：克里斯托弗·斯图茨的《The Collapse of American Criminal Justice》和罗伯特·卡根（Robert Kagan）的《Adversarial Legalism》（对抗性法律主义）。简而言之，两本书都认为审判法院（无论是民事还是刑事）的事实查明职能，正受到日益繁琐密集的……严重阻碍。
…procedural rather than substantive rulemaking under the constitution. I grumble about this too frequently already, so I'll stop here, but (re)cite two books I think make particularly succinct critiques: The Collapse of American Criminal Justice by Christopher Stuntz and Adversarial Legalism by Robert Kagan. In a nutshell, both argue that the fact-finding role of trial courts (civil as well as criminal) is seriously impeded by the ever-denser…
……个世纪，这并不太令人意外，因为当时的破案率要低得多，刑期也短得多（1910年谋杀罪平均判刑10年，而到了2003年是85年）。关于这个课题的一本很好的参考书是威廉·斯图茨的《The collapse of American Criminal Justice》。
…century, which is not too surprising as the solve rate was much lower and so were sentences (an average of 10 years for murder in 1910, whereas by 2003 it's 85). A good reference on this subject is The collapse of American Criminal Justice by William Stuntz.
……惩罚针对的是局外人群体，而不是他们自己社区里的人。已故刑法教授威廉·斯图茨为了他的书《The Collapse of American Criminal Justice》收集了大量的历史定罪数据。他的发现是：过去200年里，定罪率一直在稳步上升。他梳理出的线索之一是，当陪审团对从轻发落或罪犯改造抱有切身利益时……
…punishment to people in the out-group, not to people in their community. The late criminal law professor William Stuntz compiled an incredible amount of historical conviction data for his book, "The Collapse of American Criminal Justice". What he found is that conviction rates have been steadily increasing for the past 200 years. One of the threads he identifies is that when the jury has a personal interest in leniency or rehabilitation…
……在文章中甚至脱离了语境，但威廉·斯图茨在《The Collapse of American Criminal Justice》中描述的（或者说据我所知是这样，目前我只读过书评）那种将程序置于自由裁量权和正义之上的弊端，似乎被很好地捕捉到了。
…context even in the article, but seems like a good capture of the problems with total dedication to process over discretion and justice described (or so I gather, have only read reviews of yet) in "The Collapse of American Criminal Justice" by William Stuntz.