法理学问题
The problems of jurisprudence
Richard A. Posner · 初版 1990 年
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在本书中，Richard A. Posner 探讨了法官是如何做出艰难判决的。Posner 认为，法官既不能依赖逻辑也不能依赖科学，而必须求助于杂乱的非正式推理方法，而这些方法与人们所认为的法律训练和经验的关系远没有想象的那么紧密。——改编自 Amazon.com 简介。
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The problems of jurisprudence
Richard A. Posner · 初版 1990 年
在本书中，Richard A. Posner 探讨了法官是如何做出艰难判决的。Posner 认为，法官既不能依赖逻辑也不能依赖科学，而必须求助于杂乱的非正式推理方法，而这些方法与人们所认为的法律训练和经验的关系远没有想象的那么紧密。——改编自 Amazon.com 简介。
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我还记得，不过看到 Posner 的长文我可不会退缩。在法哲学课上，我被逼着读完了 Posner 的《Problems of Jurisprudence》；坦率地说，在我那相对水过去的文科教育里，这绝对是最具挑战性的一本书。但读下来也极有收获。不过话又说回来，要是连 Posner 都觉得凯恩斯（Keynes）读起来费劲……那我可太感激他的总结了。
I remember, but I'm not gonna balk at a long form Posner post. In philosophy of law I was made to read Posner's 'Problems of Jurisprudence'; easily the most challenging read of my admittedly convenient liberal arts education. Rewarding too. But then, if Posner thinks Keynes is a challenge to read...I appreciate his summary.
文章提出的问题以及其中的回顾——即“Posner 到底是怎么看法律的？”——在 Posner 自己的著作《The Problems of Jurisprudence》中得到了全面的回答。这是一部绝妙却不幸被很多人忽视的著作，其中对自然法（natural law）和实证法（positive law）进行了极其精彩的对比。文章把 Posner 晚年对当事人无律师自辩（pro se litigants）的支持归结为……
The question posed by the article, and reviewed therein -- namely, "what did Posner really think of the law?" -- is comprehensively answered in Posner's own book "The Problems of Jurisprudence." It is an excellent and sadly overlooked work, which contains fascinating comparisons between natural law and positive law. The article makes Posner's support of pro se litigants in his final years…
……通常不太关心法律对相关事实的严格适用性。”有两点作者没有深入探讨但很值得强调的地方。首先，正如理查德·波斯纳（Richard Posner）在《The Problems of Jurisprudence》中所言：“在古希腊思想中，自然法（Natural Law）比在我们的思想中更具震慑力（had more bite）。”换句话说，法律最初主要是升华复仇本能和公平博弈诉求的一种手段。如果说……那是相当准确的
…generally unconcerned with the strict applicability of the law to the relevant facts." There are two things worth highlighting that the author doesn't really go into. First, as Richard Posner put it in The Problems of Jurisprudence," "Natural Law had more bite in Greek thought than it has in ours." In other words, the law was primarily a manner of sublimating the instincts for revenge and for fair play. It would be quite correct…
……人被驱逐或处死。铁路确实加速了这一习俗的终结。但这并不仅仅是因为铁路设备太贵而无法没收或充公。理查德·波斯纳在《The Problems of Jurisprudence》中指出：> “【神谴物法（law of deodands）】最终变得不再起作用，但正如 Holmes 所解释的那样，旧法反倒有了新的用处。海难事故的受害者可能在……方面遇到极大困难”
…people were cast out or destroyed. The railways did contribute to the end of the custom. But this is not simply because rail equipment was too expensive to seize or condemn. Richard Posner, in The Problems of Jurisprudence, notes: > [The law of deodands] eventually became dysfunctional but, as Holmes explained, the old law turned out to have a new use. The victim of a maritime accident may encounter great difficulty in…