法西斯主义如何运作
How Fascism Works
Jason Stanley · 初版 2018 年
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作为二战欧洲难民的后代，同时也是著名的哲学家和政治宣传学者，Jason Stanley 深刻理解民主社会何以容易受到法西斯主义的侵蚀：国家无需彻底沦为法西斯政权，便会深受法西斯政治之害。事实上，法西斯主义的根基在美国已存在了一个多世纪。面对国内外法西斯手段的普遍抬头，Stanley 感到忧心忡忡，他将焦点置于贯穿这些手段的内在结构，列举并剖析了法西斯政治的十大支柱——即那些分裂人群的语言与信仰
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如果你对这个话题感兴趣，我真的很推荐读读 Jason Stanley 的《How Fascism Works》。[1] 这是一本很棒的书——篇幅不长，通俗易懂，而且发人深省。最让我吃惊的是，它居然是有固定套路（playbook）的：有没有想过为什么这些政权总是针对 LGBTQ 人群，……
If you’re interested in this topic, I really recommend reading How Fascism Works, by Jason Stanley. [1] It’s a remarkable book - slim, easy to read, and enlightening. What was most astonishing to me was that there is a playbook: ever wonder why these regimes always target LGTBQ people,…
这是摘自 Jason Stanley 的书《How Fascism Works》：“把整类人群描述为‘罪犯’的政客，是在给他们扣上令大多数人畏惧的永久性性格特征，同时又将自己定位成……
This is from Jason Stanley’s book, “How Fascism Works”: Politicians who describe whole categories of persons as “criminals” are imputing to them permanent character traits that are frightening to most people, while simultaneously positioning themselves…
……‘暴民’（mobs）和‘混乱’（chaos）是带有种族色彩的字眼，被用来替代恰当的用词——抗议。参见：https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/jun/10/protes... 此外，Jason Stanley 的书《How Fascism Works》里对这种语言用法也有专门的探讨。
…“mobs”, and “chaos” are racially charged words that are used in lieu of the proper terminology—protests. See: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/jun/10/protes... Also, Jason Stanley’s book, “How Fascism Works” also has a write up on this usage of language too.
……更宽泛的基调，不是吗？如果我们用“西方及其堕落的价值观”来替代通常的敌人，那么 Stanley 的定义似乎能非常精准地描述普京政权：在其著作《How Fascism Works: The Politics of Us and Them》（2018）中，Jason Stanley 这样定义法西斯主义：对领袖的狂热崇拜，领袖承诺在面对所谓共产党人、马克思主义者带来的屈辱时实现民族复兴……
…a broader palette, is it not? If we substitute "The West and its degenerate values" for the usual enemies, then Stanley's definition seems to describe Putin's regime quite succinctly: In his book How Fascism Works: The Politics of Us and Them (2018), Jason Stanley defined fascism thusly: [A] cult of the leader who promises national restoration in the face of humiliation brought on by supposed communists, Marxists…