最后的通用语
The last lingua franca
Nicholas Ostler · 初版 2010 年
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本书博学深邃且极具启发性，审视了英语作为世界语言的崛起与即将到来的衰落。根据《American Heritage Dictionary》的定义，通用语（lingua franca）是指使用不同语言的族群之间用作交际媒介的语言。英语已成为全球通用语——也是人类历史上使用最广泛的语言。但到目前为止，它的霸权地位仅维持了两个多世纪——远比希腊语、拉丁语、马来语、斯瓦希里语或波斯语等众多其他语言的流行时间短得多。如今，正如历史学家兼语言学家Nicholas Ostler在其充满洞见的作品中所雄辩地论证的那样……
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……的发源地。通用希腊语（Koine Greek）曾是地中海地区的 lingua franca（通用语）。同一时期的中东，亚兰语（耶稣所说的语言）是通用语，再往东则是波斯语。相关历史可以参考 Nicholas Ostler 的《最后的通用语》（The Last Lingua Franca）：* https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/dec/04/last-lingua-fr... 一种语言在其所属文化衰落后依然能够存续。再举个例子，……
…originated from. Koine Greek was the lingua franca of the Mediterranean. In the Middle East during that time Aramaic (the language that Jesus spoke) was the lingua franca, as was Persian further east. See The Last Lingua Franca by Nicholas Ostler for a history: * https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/dec/04/last-lingua-fr... A language can survive the waning of the culture that it was associated with. For another example,…
……人类历史上的一种语言。然而，正如历史学家兼语言学家 Nicholas Ostler 令人信服地论证的那样，英语不仅会在不久的将来失去世界通用语的地位，它还会是最后的通用语（last lingua franca），不会被另一种语言取代。> 帝国、商业和宗教一直是通用语存在的主要理由（raisons d'etre）——希腊语、拉丁语、阿拉伯语都曾占据过这一位置——而 Ostler 通过……逐一探讨了每一个案例。
…language in human history. And yet, as historian and linguist Nicholas Ostler persuasively argues, English will not only be displaced as the world's language in the not-distant future, it will be the last lingua franca, not replaced by another. > Empire, commerce, and religion have been the primary raisons d'etre for lingua francas--Greek, Latin, Arabic have all held the position--and Ostler explores each through the…
……在两次世界大战之后，即便在那之后，在世界某些地区想靠英语走天下你自求多福吧。我建议读一读人类诞生以来的通用语历史。《最后的通用语：英语与巴别塔的重现》（The Last Lingua Franca: English Until the Return of Babel）https://www.amazon.com/Last-Lingua-Franca-English-Return/dp/...
…after the two big wars, and even then, good luck trying to make use of English in some world regions. I recommend reading a bit about the history of lingua francas since the beginning of mankind. "The Last Lingua Franca: English Until the Return of Babel" https://www.amazon.com/Last-Lingua-Franca-English-Return/dp/...
……英语之所以席卷全球的原因之一……一种语言成为通用语（lingua franca, LF）的原因有很多。如果有人想进一步了解这背后的历史与演变过程，我推荐 Nicholas Ostler 写的《最后的通用语：英语与巴别塔的重现》（The Last Lingua Franca: English Until the Return of Babel）：* https://www.amazon.com/Last-Lingua-Franca-English-Return/dp/... * https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/8366156-the-last-lingua-... * https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/dec/04/last-lingua-fr...…
…of the reasons why English is taking over ... There are various reasons why a language may become a lingua franca (LF). If anyone wants to more about the history and process of this, I recommend The Last Lingua Franca: English Until the Return of Babel by Nicholas Ostle: * https://www.amazon.com/Last-Lingua-Franca-English-Return/dp/... * https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/8366156-the-last-lingua-... * https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/dec/04/last-lingua-fr...…
作者提出了一个观点：自动翻译可能会阻止新的通用语（lingua franca）的兴起：https://www.amazon.com/Last-Lingua-Franca-English-Return/dp/...
The author makes the argument that automatic translation could prevent the rise of a new lingua franca: https://www.amazon.com/Last-Lingua-Franca-English-Return/dp/...