困局经济学
The gridlock economy
Michael Heller、David G. Victor、Thomas C. Heller · 初版 2008 年
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探讨了过度产权导致资源未被充分利用的后果，涉及的话题包括阻碍救命药物研发的过剩专利权、导致家族资产流失的房地产运作模式，以及版权法等问题。
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The gridlock economy
Michael Heller、David G. Victor、Thomas C. Heller · 初版 2008 年
探讨了过度产权导致资源未被充分利用的后果，涉及的话题包括阻碍救命药物研发的过剩专利权、导致家族资产流失的房地产运作模式，以及版权法等问题。
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……极好地说明了产权绝非一成不变，而是在不断根据时代调整。（随着无人机普及，或许我们还能看到更多调整？）Michael Heller 的书《Gridlock Economy》[3] 里有一章非常有意思，专门讲了空域权是如何被调整以适应民航发展的。如果你特别感兴趣，至少还有一整本专门的书[4]（我还没读过）在讲……
…are a great illustration of how property rights are not at all static but are continually rejiggered to fit the times. (Perhaps we can expect more tweaks as drones become common?) Michael Heller's book Gridlock Economy [3] has an interesting chapter on how rights to airspace have been adapted to allow for civil aviation. If you're super interested, there is at least one full-length book [4] (which I haven't read) on…
……让大家之后再去为了有效性扯皮。……诉至判决的专利诉讼里，几乎有一半被判定无效；而在被认定有效的专利中，又有一半被认定并未侵权。”[1] 1. Michael Heller, 《The Gridlock Economy》, 第 53 页
…lets people fight over their validity later on. ... Almost half of patents litigated to judgement are invalidated; of those found valid, half are found not to be infringed." [1] 1. Michael Heller, The Gridlock Economy, p. 53
……高估自己的贡献，因为他们人人都握有一票否决权。这随即导致了僵局，由于价格高到没人愿意买单，技术反而无法得到充分利用。（参见 Michael Heller 的《The Gridlock Economy: How Too Much Ownership Wrecks Markets, Stops Innovation, and Costs Lives》）别误会，我认为标准里根本就不该有任何专利费，要么强制所有人……
…overvalue their own contribution since they all hold veto power. This then leads to a gridlock sitution in which technology is underutilized due to prices rising above the price anyone would pay. (see The Gridlock Economy: How Too Much Ownership Wrecks Markets, Stops Innovation, and Costs Lives by Michael Heller) Don't get me wrong, I don't think there should be any royalties on standards, either everyone is forced to…
……如果我们能开始在电视广告里看到这样的提问，那该多美妙：“你是否曾被专利诉讼威胁，并被迫就某项涵盖……的专利支付许可费？” 1. Michael Heller, 《Gridlock Economy》, 2010. 2. http://www.freakonomics.com/2011/07/11/how-patent-trolling-t...
…Wouldn't it be a wonderful thing if we began to see television ads asks, "Have you been threatened with a lawsuit and strong-armed into paying licensing fees on a patent covering ..." 1. Michael Heller, Gridlock Economy, 2010. 2. http://www.freakonomics.com/2011/07/11/how-patent-trolling-t...
我想你指的是《Gridlock Economy》这本书里阐述的理论。它认为产权过多反而会扼杀创新：“私有产权通常能创造财富。但过多的所有权会产生相反的效果——造成僵局。僵局是一种自由市场的悖论……
I think you're referring to the theory espoused in the book "Gridlock Economy". It claims too much ownership can stifle innovation: "Private ownership usually creates wealth. But too much ownership has the opposite effect—it creates gridlock. Gridlock is a free market paradox.…
……一种稍微复杂一点的安排，不需要政府来决定资助谁。）值得注意的是，专利不仅能奖励发明人，还会增加他们的成本。《The Gridlock Economy》这本书就探讨了这一点，并提到了一家以为自己找到了阿尔茨海默病疗法的生物科技公司。它侵犯了三十项专利，而每个专利持有者都觉得自己那部分最重要，并且漫天要价。……
…slightly more complex arrangement that didn't require the government to decide who would be funded.) It's worth noting that patents don't only reward inventors, they also increase their costs. The book The Gridlock Economy talks about this, and mentions one biotech firm that thought it had a cure for Alzheimer's. It infringed on thirty patents, and each patent-holder thought it had the most important part and charged accordingly.…