……是违背经济增长这一总体目标的。这是众多个人与群体悖论之一，也是法律（无论是法律、道德还是其他形式）存在的主要原因之一。曼瑟尔·奥尔森（Mancur Olson）1971年出版的《集体行动的逻辑》（The Logic of Collective Action）对这一概念给出了极好的阐释：http://economics.about.com/cs/macroeconomics/a/logic_of_acti... 经济学理论中还存在很多其他的冲突和悖论……
…are opposed to the overall economic goals of growth. This is one of many such individual/group paradoxes, and is one of the principle reasons for laws (legal, moral, or otherwise). The 1971 book The Logic of Collective Action by Mancur Olson is one of the better illuminations of the concept: http://economics.about.com/cs/macroeconomics/a/logic_of_acti... There are numerous other conflicts and paradoxes within economic theory…
……并强制推行。（几乎所有政府监管都属于这一类。）4. 公共物品无人提供。（那些想要靠谱评级的投资者后来怎样了。）想了解这个话题的经典入门读物，可以读读《集体行动的逻辑》（The Logic of Collective Action）。
…and forces the matter. (Virtually all government regulations fall into this category.) 4. The public good is not provisioned. (What happened to investors who wanted trustworthy ratings.) Read The Logic of Collective Action for the classic introduction to this topic.
如果你想明白为什么很难让一帮能从中受益的人掏腰包，去读读《集体行动的逻辑》（The Logic of Collective Action）吧。基本上问题就在于它是公共物品。公共物品一旦提供，所有人都能受益，而不仅仅是出了钱的人。所以除非你出的那份钱直接决定了这事儿能不能办成……
If you want to understand why it is hard to get many people who will benefit to pony up, read The Logic of Collective Action. Basically the problem is that it is a public good. If the good is provided, everyone benefits, not just the ones who paid. So unless your payment is going to make the difference between it happening…
好问题。关键在于找到抑制背叛行为的办法。你可以去查查曼瑟尔·奥尔森（Mancur Olson）的《集体行动的逻辑》（Logic of Collective Action），这本书通篇都在讨论这个问题。
Good question. Finding ways to disincentivise defection would be key. You might want to look up Mancur Olson's "Logic of Collective Action", which deals with this problem, generally.
……——多亏唐·拉姆斯菲尔德让我们远离了《海洋法条约》，谁也拦不住你把业务搬出美国来干）政治学方面的一些读物：哈贝马斯的《合法性危机》（Legitimation crisis）、奥尔森的《集体行动的逻辑》（Logic of collective action）、洛威的《自由主义的终结》（End of liberalism）。
…— nobody can stop you from doing it out of the US thanks to Don Rumsfeld keeping us out of the Law of the Sea treaty) Some reading on the political science front: Legitimation crisis by j Habermas Logic of collective action by m Olson End of liberalism by T Lowi.
……人们在冥想引起的意识改变状态下的体验。）2. 自由意志主义的缺陷涉及各种公地悲剧。（我最喜欢的相关书籍是《集体行动的逻辑》（The Logic of Collective Action）。）然而支持大多数政府干预的证据相当薄弱。而且非常充分的证据表明，出于好意的政府干预，在遭到监管俘虏（regulatory capture）后，注定会……
…experiences that people have while in altered states of consciousness from meditation.) 2. The shortcomings of libertarianism involve various tragedies of the commons. (My favorite book on this being, The Logic of Collective Action.) However the evidence in favor of most government interventions is rather weak. And the evidence is very strong that well-intended government interventions predictably will, after regulatory capture,…
……是违背经济增长这一总体目标的。这是众多个人与群体悖论之一，也是法律（无论是法律、道德还是其他形式）存在的主要原因之一。曼瑟尔·奥尔森（Mancur Olson）1971年出版的《集体行动的逻辑》（The Logic of Collective Action）对这一概念给出了极好的阐释：http://economics.about.com/cs/macroeconomics/a/logic_of_acti... 经济学理论中还存在很多其他的冲突和悖论……
…are opposed to the overall economic goals of growth. This is one of many such individual/group paradoxes, and is one of the principle reasons for laws (legal, moral, or otherwise). The 1971 book The Logic of Collective Action by Mancur Olson is one of the better illuminations of the concept: http://economics.about.com/cs/macroeconomics/a/logic_of_acti... There are numerous other conflicts and paradoxes within economic theory…
……并强制推行。（几乎所有政府监管都属于这一类。）4. 公共物品无人提供。（那些想要靠谱评级的投资者后来怎样了。）想了解这个话题的经典入门读物，可以读读《集体行动的逻辑》（The Logic of Collective Action）。
…and forces the matter. (Virtually all government regulations fall into this category.) 4. The public good is not provisioned. (What happened to investors who wanted trustworthy ratings.) Read The Logic of Collective Action for the classic introduction to this topic.
如果你想明白为什么很难让一帮能从中受益的人掏腰包，去读读《集体行动的逻辑》（The Logic of Collective Action）吧。基本上问题就在于它是公共物品。公共物品一旦提供，所有人都能受益，而不仅仅是出了钱的人。所以除非你出的那份钱直接决定了这事儿能不能办成……
If you want to understand why it is hard to get many people who will benefit to pony up, read The Logic of Collective Action. Basically the problem is that it is a public good. If the good is provided, everyone benefits, not just the ones who paid. So unless your payment is going to make the difference between it happening…
好问题。关键在于找到抑制背叛行为的办法。你可以去查查曼瑟尔·奥尔森（Mancur Olson）的《集体行动的逻辑》（Logic of Collective Action），这本书通篇都在讨论这个问题。
Good question. Finding ways to disincentivise defection would be key. You might want to look up Mancur Olson's "Logic of Collective Action", which deals with this problem, generally.
……——多亏唐·拉姆斯菲尔德让我们远离了《海洋法条约》，谁也拦不住你把业务搬出美国来干）政治学方面的一些读物：哈贝马斯的《合法性危机》（Legitimation crisis）、奥尔森的《集体行动的逻辑》（Logic of collective action）、洛威的《自由主义的终结》（End of liberalism）。
…— nobody can stop you from doing it out of the US thanks to Don Rumsfeld keeping us out of the Law of the Sea treaty) Some reading on the political science front: Legitimation crisis by j Habermas Logic of collective action by m Olson End of liberalism by T Lowi.
……人们在冥想引起的意识改变状态下的体验。）2. 自由意志主义的缺陷涉及各种公地悲剧。（我最喜欢的相关书籍是《集体行动的逻辑》（The Logic of Collective Action）。）然而支持大多数政府干预的证据相当薄弱。而且非常充分的证据表明，出于好意的政府干预，在遭到监管俘虏（regulatory capture）后，注定会……
…experiences that people have while in altered states of consciousness from meditation.) 2. The shortcomings of libertarianism involve various tragedies of the commons. (My favorite book on this being, The Logic of Collective Action.) However the evidence in favor of most government interventions is rather weak. And the evidence is very strong that well-intended government interventions predictably will, after regulatory capture,…